xv. 31.
7. Tacitus, Histories, i., 7.
8. Antonio Perez, a publicist, and professor of law in the University of
Louvain in the first part of the seventeenth century.
9. Chap. VI. Sec. 10.
10. Chap. VI. Secs. 11, 15, 16.
11. Chap. VI. Secs. 27, 28.
12. Chap. VI. Sec. 31.
13. Chap. VI. Sec. 36.
14. 1 Kings xiv. 25; 2 Chron. xii.
15. The war between France and Spain, terminated by the first peace of
Aix-la-Chapelle, 1665.
16. Chap. VI. Sec. 37.
17. See Hallam's "History of the Middle Ages," Chap. IV., for the
constitutional history of Arragon. Hallam calls the Justiza the
Justiciary, but the literal translation, Justice, seems warranted by our
own English use of the word to designate certain judges.
18. Hallam says, that the king merely cut the obnoxious Privilege of
Union, which he describes rather differently, through with his sword.
The Privilege of Union was so utterly "eradicated from the records of
the kingdom, that its precise words have never been recovered."
------------------------
CHAPTER VIII.
OF ARISTOCRACY.
SO far of monarchy. But now we will say, on what plan an aristocracy is
to be framed, so that it may be lasting. We have defined an aristocratic
dominion as that, which is held not by one man, but by certain persons
chosen out of the multitude, whom we shall henceforth call patricians. I
say expressly, "that which is held by certain persons chosen." For the
chief difference between this and a democracy is, that the right of
governing depends in an aristocracy on election only, but in a democracy
for the most part on some right either congenital or acquired by fortune
(as we shall explain in its place); and therefore, although in any
dominion the entire multitude be received into the number of the
patricians, provided that right of theirs is not inherited, and does not
descend by some law to others, the dominion will for all that be quite
an aristocracy, because none are received into the number of the
patricians save by express election.
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